Review



cathepsin d  (Proteintech)


Bioz Verified Symbol Proteintech is a verified supplier  
  • Logo
  • About
  • News
  • Press Release
  • Team
  • Advisors
  • Partners
  • Contact
  • Bioz Stars
  • Bioz vStars
    • 95
      Buy from Supplier

    Structured Review

    Proteintech cathepsin d
    Cathepsin D, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 133 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/Cathepsin+D+Polyclonal+antibody/10__1038_slash_s41401___026___01762___4-101-70-74
    Average 95 stars, based on 133 article reviews
    cathepsin d - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    95/100 stars

    Images

    Related Articles

    other:

    Article Title: A role for CASM in the repair of damaged Golgi architecture
    Article Snippet: Primary antibodies were obtained as follows: mCherry (ab183628), GABARAP (ab109364; 1:500 for IF), and NPC2 (ab2181921:1,000 for WB) from Abcam; AMPK (2532; 1:1000 for WB), phospho-AMPK T172 (2535; 1:1,000 for WB), ATG13 (13468; 1:1,000 for WB), BECN1 (3459; 1:1,000 for WB), GM130 (12480; 1:500 for IF, 1:1,000 for WB), mTOR (2983; 1:500 for IF), phospho-P70 S6K (9205; 1:1,000 for WB), TFEB (4240; 1:500 for IF), and ULK1 (8054; 1:1,000 for WB) from Cell Signaling Technology; actin (sc-58673; 1:1,000 for WB), Cas9 (sc-517386, 1:1000 for WB), LAMP2 (sc-18822; 1:1,000 for WB, 1:500 for IF), P70 S6K (sc-8418; 1:1,000 for WB), and alpha-tubulin (sc-23948; 1:500 for IF) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Cathepsin D (21327-1-AP, 1:1,000 for WB), myc (16286-1-AP: 1:1,000 for WB), LIMP2 (27102-1-AP, 1:1,000 for WB), TRIM46(21026-1-AP, 1:1,000 for WB) from Proteintech; LC3B (PM036; 1:500 for IF) from MBL and LC3B (L7543; 1:2,000 for WB) from Sigma; p62/SQSTM1(610833; 1:2,000 for WB) from BD; ATG7 (MA5-32221; 1:1,000 for WB), GCP60 (MA5-25999; 1:1,000 for WB), TGN46 (MA5-37930; 1:1,000 for WB), and WIPI1 (PA5-34973; 1:1000 for WB) from Thermo Fisher and TGN46 (AHP500G; 1:500 for IF) from Bio-Rad.

    Western Blot:

    Article Title: MCOLN1-mediated PPP3CB activation alleviates neuronal damage by promoting TFEB-dependent autophagic flux in permanent cerebral ischemia
    Article Snippet: We previously reported that transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays a crucial role in regulating the ischemic stroke (IS)-mediated dynamic changes of autophagic flux.. Protein phosphatase 3 (PPP3) may regulate the transcriptional activity of TFEB.. However, the main isoform of the PPP3 catalytic subunit (PPP3C) involved in TFEB activation, the PPP3-binding site in TFEB, and the upstream regulatory mechanism of PPP3 activation after cerebral ischemia are still unknown.

    Membrane:

    Article Title: MCOLN1-mediated PPP3CB activation alleviates neuronal damage by promoting TFEB-dependent autophagic flux in permanent cerebral ischemia
    Article Snippet: We previously reported that transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays a crucial role in regulating the ischemic stroke (IS)-mediated dynamic changes of autophagic flux.. Protein phosphatase 3 (PPP3) may regulate the transcriptional activity of TFEB.. However, the main isoform of the PPP3 catalytic subunit (PPP3C) involved in TFEB activation, the PPP3-binding site in TFEB, and the upstream regulatory mechanism of PPP3 activation after cerebral ischemia are still unknown.

    Article Title: STUB1-mediated PGC-1α ubiquitination promotes postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice via modulating autophagy–lysosome machinery
    Article Snippet: The extracted protein was separated utilizing PAGE, with subsequent transference to PVDF membrane (IPVH00010, Millipore, Germany). .. The membrane was rinsed by TBST (3 times × 5 min), and then slowly shaken with 5% BSA at 37 °C for 2 h. Incubation with primary antibodies of STUB1 (1:1000, 68407-1-Ig, Proteintech), PGC-1α (1:1000, 66369-1-Ig, Proteintech), TFEB (1:1000, 13372-1-AP, Proteintech), PINK1 (1:1000, ab300623, Abcam), PARKIN (1:1000, 14060-1-AP, Proteintech), LAMP-1 (1:1000, 21997-1-AP, Proteintech), Cathepsin D (1:1000, 21327-1-AP, Proteintech), Caspase3 (1:1000, 19677-1-AP, Proteintech), ubiquitin (1:1000, 10201-2-AP, Proteintech), and GAPDH (1:5000, 60004-1-Ig, Proteintech) was conducted at 4 °C overnight. .. After rinsing by TBST (3 times × 1 min), incubation with HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG (1:5000, ZB2301 or ZB2305, ZSGB-BIO) was conducted at 37 °C for 1 h. After rinsing with TBST (3 times × 5 min), ECL luminescent solution (ECL-03-250, 7Sea Biotech, China) was added, and images were acquired via an integrated chemiluminescence apparatus (ChemiScope 5300 Pro, CLINX, China).

    Article Title: Pathological axonal enlargement in connection with amyloidosis, lysosome destabilization, and bleeding is a major defect in Alzheimer’s disease
    Article Snippet: .. The following primary antibodies and dilutions were used: Aβ (1:200, Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab201061, RRID: AB_2722492), Aβ/AβPP (1:200, CST, Danvers, MA, USA, Cat# 2450, RRID: AB_490857), phos-tau (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab151559, RRID: AB_2893278), microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2; 1:200, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA, Cat# 17490-1-AP, RRID: AB_2137880), apolipoprotein E (ApoE; 1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab183597, RRID: AB_3331650), Sortilin1 (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab263864, RRID: AB_2884942), alpha-hemoglobin (HBA; 1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab92492, RRID: AB_10561594), Cathepsin D (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab75852, RRID: AB_1523267), lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp2; 1:100, Proteintech, Cat# 66301-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2881684), Cathepsin D (1:100, Proteintech, Cat# 66534-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2881897), glycosylated hemoglobin type A1C (HbA1c; 1:100, OkayBio, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, Cat# K5a2), hemin (1:100, Absolute Antibody, Redcar, UK, Cat# 1D3), advanced glycation end products (AGE; 1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab23722, RRID: AB_447638), collagen type IV (ColIV; 1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab236640), and smooth muscle actin alpha 2 (ACTA2; 1:400, Proteintech, Cat# 23081-1-AP, RRID: AB_2815024). .. We used the following secondary antibodies and dilutions: donkey anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 594 secondary antibody (1:400, Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA, Cat# 715-585-150, RRID: AB_2340854), donkey anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody (1:400, Jackson ImmunoResearch, Cat# 711-545-152, RRID: AB_2313584), donkey anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594 secondary antibody (1:400, Jackson ImmunoResearch, Cat# 711-585-152, RRID: AB_2340621), and donkey anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody (1:400, Jackson ImmunoResearch, Cat# 715-545-150, RRID: AB_2340846).

    Incubation:

    Article Title: STUB1-mediated PGC-1α ubiquitination promotes postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice via modulating autophagy-lysosome machinery.
    Article Snippet: .. Incubation with primary antibodies of STUB1 (1:1000, 68407-1-Ig, Proteintech), PGC-1α (1:1000, 66369-1-Ig, Proteintech), TFEB (1:1000, 13372-1-AP, Proteintech), PINK1 (1:1000, ab300623, Abcam), PARKIN (1:1000, 14060-1-AP, Proteintech), LAMP-1 (1:1000, 21997-1-AP, Proteintech), Cathepsin D (1:1000, 21327-1-AP, Proteintech), Caspase3 (1:1000, 19677-1-AP, Proteintech), ubiquitin (1:1000, 10201-2-AP, Proteintech), and GAPDH (1:5000, 60004-1-Ig, Proteintech) was conducted at 4°C overnight. .. After rinsing by TBST (3 times×1 minutes), incubation with HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG (1:5000, ZB2301 or ZB2305, ZSGB-BIO) was conducted at 37°C for 1 hour.

    Article Title: STUB1-mediated PGC-1α ubiquitination promotes postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice via modulating autophagy–lysosome machinery
    Article Snippet: The extracted protein was separated utilizing PAGE, with subsequent transference to PVDF membrane (IPVH00010, Millipore, Germany). .. The membrane was rinsed by TBST (3 times × 5 min), and then slowly shaken with 5% BSA at 37 °C for 2 h. Incubation with primary antibodies of STUB1 (1:1000, 68407-1-Ig, Proteintech), PGC-1α (1:1000, 66369-1-Ig, Proteintech), TFEB (1:1000, 13372-1-AP, Proteintech), PINK1 (1:1000, ab300623, Abcam), PARKIN (1:1000, 14060-1-AP, Proteintech), LAMP-1 (1:1000, 21997-1-AP, Proteintech), Cathepsin D (1:1000, 21327-1-AP, Proteintech), Caspase3 (1:1000, 19677-1-AP, Proteintech), ubiquitin (1:1000, 10201-2-AP, Proteintech), and GAPDH (1:5000, 60004-1-Ig, Proteintech) was conducted at 4 °C overnight. .. After rinsing by TBST (3 times × 1 min), incubation with HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG (1:5000, ZB2301 or ZB2305, ZSGB-BIO) was conducted at 37 °C for 1 h. After rinsing with TBST (3 times × 5 min), ECL luminescent solution (ECL-03-250, 7Sea Biotech, China) was added, and images were acquired via an integrated chemiluminescence apparatus (ChemiScope 5300 Pro, CLINX, China).

    Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography:

    Article Title: STUB1-mediated PGC-1α ubiquitination promotes postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice via modulating autophagy-lysosome machinery.
    Article Snippet: .. Incubation with primary antibodies of STUB1 (1:1000, 68407-1-Ig, Proteintech), PGC-1α (1:1000, 66369-1-Ig, Proteintech), TFEB (1:1000, 13372-1-AP, Proteintech), PINK1 (1:1000, ab300623, Abcam), PARKIN (1:1000, 14060-1-AP, Proteintech), LAMP-1 (1:1000, 21997-1-AP, Proteintech), Cathepsin D (1:1000, 21327-1-AP, Proteintech), Caspase3 (1:1000, 19677-1-AP, Proteintech), ubiquitin (1:1000, 10201-2-AP, Proteintech), and GAPDH (1:5000, 60004-1-Ig, Proteintech) was conducted at 4°C overnight. .. After rinsing by TBST (3 times×1 minutes), incubation with HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG (1:5000, ZB2301 or ZB2305, ZSGB-BIO) was conducted at 37°C for 1 hour.

    Article Title: STUB1-mediated PGC-1α ubiquitination promotes postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice via modulating autophagy–lysosome machinery
    Article Snippet: The extracted protein was separated utilizing PAGE, with subsequent transference to PVDF membrane (IPVH00010, Millipore, Germany). .. The membrane was rinsed by TBST (3 times × 5 min), and then slowly shaken with 5% BSA at 37 °C for 2 h. Incubation with primary antibodies of STUB1 (1:1000, 68407-1-Ig, Proteintech), PGC-1α (1:1000, 66369-1-Ig, Proteintech), TFEB (1:1000, 13372-1-AP, Proteintech), PINK1 (1:1000, ab300623, Abcam), PARKIN (1:1000, 14060-1-AP, Proteintech), LAMP-1 (1:1000, 21997-1-AP, Proteintech), Cathepsin D (1:1000, 21327-1-AP, Proteintech), Caspase3 (1:1000, 19677-1-AP, Proteintech), ubiquitin (1:1000, 10201-2-AP, Proteintech), and GAPDH (1:5000, 60004-1-Ig, Proteintech) was conducted at 4 °C overnight. .. After rinsing by TBST (3 times × 1 min), incubation with HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG (1:5000, ZB2301 or ZB2305, ZSGB-BIO) was conducted at 37 °C for 1 h. After rinsing with TBST (3 times × 5 min), ECL luminescent solution (ECL-03-250, 7Sea Biotech, China) was added, and images were acquired via an integrated chemiluminescence apparatus (ChemiScope 5300 Pro, CLINX, China).

    Ubiquitin Proteomics:

    Article Title: STUB1-mediated PGC-1α ubiquitination promotes postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice via modulating autophagy-lysosome machinery.
    Article Snippet: .. Incubation with primary antibodies of STUB1 (1:1000, 68407-1-Ig, Proteintech), PGC-1α (1:1000, 66369-1-Ig, Proteintech), TFEB (1:1000, 13372-1-AP, Proteintech), PINK1 (1:1000, ab300623, Abcam), PARKIN (1:1000, 14060-1-AP, Proteintech), LAMP-1 (1:1000, 21997-1-AP, Proteintech), Cathepsin D (1:1000, 21327-1-AP, Proteintech), Caspase3 (1:1000, 19677-1-AP, Proteintech), ubiquitin (1:1000, 10201-2-AP, Proteintech), and GAPDH (1:5000, 60004-1-Ig, Proteintech) was conducted at 4°C overnight. .. After rinsing by TBST (3 times×1 minutes), incubation with HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG (1:5000, ZB2301 or ZB2305, ZSGB-BIO) was conducted at 37°C for 1 hour.

    Article Title: STUB1-mediated PGC-1α ubiquitination promotes postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice via modulating autophagy–lysosome machinery
    Article Snippet: The extracted protein was separated utilizing PAGE, with subsequent transference to PVDF membrane (IPVH00010, Millipore, Germany). .. The membrane was rinsed by TBST (3 times × 5 min), and then slowly shaken with 5% BSA at 37 °C for 2 h. Incubation with primary antibodies of STUB1 (1:1000, 68407-1-Ig, Proteintech), PGC-1α (1:1000, 66369-1-Ig, Proteintech), TFEB (1:1000, 13372-1-AP, Proteintech), PINK1 (1:1000, ab300623, Abcam), PARKIN (1:1000, 14060-1-AP, Proteintech), LAMP-1 (1:1000, 21997-1-AP, Proteintech), Cathepsin D (1:1000, 21327-1-AP, Proteintech), Caspase3 (1:1000, 19677-1-AP, Proteintech), ubiquitin (1:1000, 10201-2-AP, Proteintech), and GAPDH (1:5000, 60004-1-Ig, Proteintech) was conducted at 4 °C overnight. .. After rinsing by TBST (3 times × 1 min), incubation with HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG (1:5000, ZB2301 or ZB2305, ZSGB-BIO) was conducted at 37 °C for 1 h. After rinsing with TBST (3 times × 5 min), ECL luminescent solution (ECL-03-250, 7Sea Biotech, China) was added, and images were acquired via an integrated chemiluminescence apparatus (ChemiScope 5300 Pro, CLINX, China).

    Article Title: Overcoming ELDR-mediated cancer cell survival in vitro and in vivo via sphingomyelin-driven TRPML1 inactivation and TFEB suppression through lysosomal HSP70 targeting.
    Article Snippet: Membranes were then labeled with secondary antibodies (HRP-anti-rabbit IgG, Abclonal, Wuhan, China or HRP-anti-mouse IgG, Abclonal) at room temperature for 1 h. The membranes were finally imaged using the ECL detection system (Tanon, Shanghai, China). .. The antibodies used are as follows: β-actin (AC026, ABclonal), cathepsin D (CTSD, 21327–1-AP, proteintech, Wuhan, China), TRPML1 (15291–1-AP, proteintech), TAX1BP1 (14424–1-AP, proteintech), SQSTM1 (18420–1-AP, proteintech), LC3 (14600–1-AP, proteintech), Ubiquitin (Ub, 10201–2-AP, proteintech), Galectin 3 (14979–1-AP, proteintech), LAMP1 (21997–1- AP, proteintech), TFEB (13372–1-AP, proteintech), Lamin A/C (A0464, ABclonal), p-TFEB (S211, ab310331, abcam), α-Tubulin (A6830, ABclonal), cathepsin B (CTSB, 12216–1-AP proteintech), HSP70 (10995–1-AP, proteintech), mouse control IgG (AC011, ABclonal), BMP (EEB-Z-PLBPA, Echelon, Utah, USA). ..

    Control:

    Article Title: Overcoming ELDR-mediated cancer cell survival in vitro and in vivo via sphingomyelin-driven TRPML1 inactivation and TFEB suppression through lysosomal HSP70 targeting.
    Article Snippet: Membranes were then labeled with secondary antibodies (HRP-anti-rabbit IgG, Abclonal, Wuhan, China or HRP-anti-mouse IgG, Abclonal) at room temperature for 1 h. The membranes were finally imaged using the ECL detection system (Tanon, Shanghai, China). .. The antibodies used are as follows: β-actin (AC026, ABclonal), cathepsin D (CTSD, 21327–1-AP, proteintech, Wuhan, China), TRPML1 (15291–1-AP, proteintech), TAX1BP1 (14424–1-AP, proteintech), SQSTM1 (18420–1-AP, proteintech), LC3 (14600–1-AP, proteintech), Ubiquitin (Ub, 10201–2-AP, proteintech), Galectin 3 (14979–1-AP, proteintech), LAMP1 (21997–1- AP, proteintech), TFEB (13372–1-AP, proteintech), Lamin A/C (A0464, ABclonal), p-TFEB (S211, ab310331, abcam), α-Tubulin (A6830, ABclonal), cathepsin B (CTSB, 12216–1-AP proteintech), HSP70 (10995–1-AP, proteintech), mouse control IgG (AC011, ABclonal), BMP (EEB-Z-PLBPA, Echelon, Utah, USA). ..



    Similar Products

    human cathepsin d antibody  (Bio-Techne corporation)
    94
    Bio-Techne corporation human cathepsin d antibody
    Human Cathepsin D Antibody, supplied by Bio-Techne corporation, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/Human+Cathepsin+D+Antibody/custom%40af1014%4042305617
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    human cathepsin d antibody - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    94/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    col i ab270993  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)
    95
    Cell Signaling Technology Inc col i ab270993
    Involvement of profibrotic macrophages in vascular regeneration after graft implantation in vivo . (a) UMAP of macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (b) Dot plots of profibrotic macrophage marker genes <t>(Ctsd,</t> <t>Spp1,</t> Gpnmb, Lgals3, and Fabp5) expressed in different subgroups of macrophages. (c) Percentage of cluster 2 (C2) macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (d) UMAP of expression of Ctsd, Spp1, Gpnmb, Lgals3, and Fabp5 in macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (e) Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 and CTSD in regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . L indicates lumens. Arrow heads indicate double positively stained cells. (f) WB results of levels of CTSD and SPP1 in native and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo and quantification of the levels of CTSD and SPP1. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each time point and each group, five different samples from five different animals were analyzed (n = 5).
    Col I Ab270993, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/Cathepsin+D+Antibody/pmc12860263-321-25-26
    Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    col i ab270993 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    95/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    cathepsin d  (Athens Research)
    94
    Athens Research cathepsin d
    Involvement of profibrotic macrophages in vascular regeneration after graft implantation in vivo . (a) UMAP of macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (b) Dot plots of profibrotic macrophage marker genes <t>(Ctsd,</t> <t>Spp1,</t> Gpnmb, Lgals3, and Fabp5) expressed in different subgroups of macrophages. (c) Percentage of cluster 2 (C2) macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (d) UMAP of expression of Ctsd, Spp1, Gpnmb, Lgals3, and Fabp5 in macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (e) Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 and CTSD in regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . L indicates lumens. Arrow heads indicate double positively stained cells. (f) WB results of levels of CTSD and SPP1 in native and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo and quantification of the levels of CTSD and SPP1. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each time point and each group, five different samples from five different animals were analyzed (n = 5).
    Cathepsin D, supplied by Athens Research, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/Cathepsin+D/pm42048726-58-20-23
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    cathepsin d - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    94/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    rabbit anti cathepsin d  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)
    86
    Cell Signaling Technology Inc rabbit anti cathepsin d
    A) Representative immunoblots of total cell lysate treated with DMSO or 100 mM BafA1 for 24 hours. B) Quantification of HTT protein levels relative to tubulin, related to A. Data were normalized to parental control (either ST Hdh Q7 or ST Hdh Q111 ). Data are presented as mean ± SD of two independent replicates, each with three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test. C) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM), probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. D) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . E) Immunoblot of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 100 mM BafA1 or DMSO for 24 hours, probed with anti-p62, anti-HTT (MAB2166), anti-Cathepsin D, and total protein staining. F) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . G) Representative immunoblot of striatal conditioned media treated for 24 hours with 100 mM BafA1 or equal volume of DMSO, probed with anti-LC3B and total protein staining. H) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 5 µg/mL Brefeldin A (BFA) or DMSO for 4 hours, probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. I) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of HTT secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . J) Quantification of ATP-based viability assay based on the luminescence signal relative to the number of cells per well, normalized to ST Hdh Q7 . Data represent the mean ± SD of two independent experiments, each with 7-8 technical replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test.
    Rabbit Anti Cathepsin D, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/bio_rxiv__64898__2026__03__31__715351-380-49-52
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    rabbit anti cathepsin d - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    86/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    anti cathepsin d  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)
    86
    Cell Signaling Technology Inc anti cathepsin d
    A) Representative immunoblots of total cell lysate treated with DMSO or 100 mM BafA1 for 24 hours. B) Quantification of HTT protein levels relative to tubulin, related to A. Data were normalized to parental control (either ST Hdh Q7 or ST Hdh Q111 ). Data are presented as mean ± SD of two independent replicates, each with three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test. C) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM), probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. D) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . E) Immunoblot of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 100 mM BafA1 or DMSO for 24 hours, probed with anti-p62, anti-HTT (MAB2166), anti-Cathepsin D, and total protein staining. F) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . G) Representative immunoblot of striatal conditioned media treated for 24 hours with 100 mM BafA1 or equal volume of DMSO, probed with anti-LC3B and total protein staining. H) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 5 µg/mL Brefeldin A (BFA) or DMSO for 4 hours, probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. I) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of HTT secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . J) Quantification of ATP-based viability assay based on the luminescence signal relative to the number of cells per well, normalized to ST Hdh Q7 . Data represent the mean ± SD of two independent experiments, each with 7-8 technical replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test.
    Anti Cathepsin D, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/pm41912102-148-30-27
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    anti cathepsin d - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    86/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    cathepsin d  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)
    95
    Cell Signaling Technology Inc cathepsin d
    A) Representative immunoblots of total cell lysate treated with DMSO or 100 mM BafA1 for 24 hours. B) Quantification of HTT protein levels relative to tubulin, related to A. Data were normalized to parental control (either ST Hdh Q7 or ST Hdh Q111 ). Data are presented as mean ± SD of two independent replicates, each with three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test. C) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM), probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. D) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . E) Immunoblot of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 100 mM BafA1 or DMSO for 24 hours, probed with anti-p62, anti-HTT (MAB2166), anti-Cathepsin D, and total protein staining. F) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . G) Representative immunoblot of striatal conditioned media treated for 24 hours with 100 mM BafA1 or equal volume of DMSO, probed with anti-LC3B and total protein staining. H) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 5 µg/mL Brefeldin A (BFA) or DMSO for 4 hours, probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. I) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of HTT secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . J) Quantification of ATP-based viability assay based on the luminescence signal relative to the number of cells per well, normalized to ST Hdh Q7 . Data represent the mean ± SD of two independent experiments, each with 7-8 technical replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test.
    Cathepsin D, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/Cathepsin+D+(E179)+Antibody/pm41896517-303-33-37
    Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    cathepsin d - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    95/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    anti cathepsin d  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)
    96
    Santa Cruz Biotechnology anti cathepsin d
    A) Representative immunoblots of total cell lysate treated with DMSO or 100 mM BafA1 for 24 hours. B) Quantification of HTT protein levels relative to tubulin, related to A. Data were normalized to parental control (either ST Hdh Q7 or ST Hdh Q111 ). Data are presented as mean ± SD of two independent replicates, each with three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test. C) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM), probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. D) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . E) Immunoblot of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 100 mM BafA1 or DMSO for 24 hours, probed with anti-p62, anti-HTT (MAB2166), anti-Cathepsin D, and total protein staining. F) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . G) Representative immunoblot of striatal conditioned media treated for 24 hours with 100 mM BafA1 or equal volume of DMSO, probed with anti-LC3B and total protein staining. H) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 5 µg/mL Brefeldin A (BFA) or DMSO for 4 hours, probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. I) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of HTT secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . J) Quantification of ATP-based viability assay based on the luminescence signal relative to the number of cells per well, normalized to ST Hdh Q7 . Data represent the mean ± SD of two independent experiments, each with 7-8 technical replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test.
    Anti Cathepsin D, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/cathepsin+D+Antibody/pm41886893-112-14-19
    Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    anti cathepsin d - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    96/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    cathepsin d  (Proteintech)
    95
    Proteintech cathepsin d
    A) Representative immunoblots of total cell lysate treated with DMSO or 100 mM BafA1 for 24 hours. B) Quantification of HTT protein levels relative to tubulin, related to A. Data were normalized to parental control (either ST Hdh Q7 or ST Hdh Q111 ). Data are presented as mean ± SD of two independent replicates, each with three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test. C) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM), probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. D) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . E) Immunoblot of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 100 mM BafA1 or DMSO for 24 hours, probed with anti-p62, anti-HTT (MAB2166), anti-Cathepsin D, and total protein staining. F) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . G) Representative immunoblot of striatal conditioned media treated for 24 hours with 100 mM BafA1 or equal volume of DMSO, probed with anti-LC3B and total protein staining. H) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 5 µg/mL Brefeldin A (BFA) or DMSO for 4 hours, probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. I) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of HTT secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . J) Quantification of ATP-based viability assay based on the luminescence signal relative to the number of cells per well, normalized to ST Hdh Q7 . Data represent the mean ± SD of two independent experiments, each with 7-8 technical replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test.
    Cathepsin D, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/Cathepsin+D+Polyclonal+antibody/10__1038_slash_s41401___026___01762___4-101-70-74
    Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    cathepsin d - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    95/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    cathepsin d polyclonal antibody  (Proteintech)
    95
    Proteintech cathepsin d polyclonal antibody
    A) Representative immunoblots of total cell lysate treated with DMSO or 100 mM BafA1 for 24 hours. B) Quantification of HTT protein levels relative to tubulin, related to A. Data were normalized to parental control (either ST Hdh Q7 or ST Hdh Q111 ). Data are presented as mean ± SD of two independent replicates, each with three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test. C) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM), probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. D) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . E) Immunoblot of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 100 mM BafA1 or DMSO for 24 hours, probed with anti-p62, anti-HTT (MAB2166), anti-Cathepsin D, and total protein staining. F) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . G) Representative immunoblot of striatal conditioned media treated for 24 hours with 100 mM BafA1 or equal volume of DMSO, probed with anti-LC3B and total protein staining. H) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 5 µg/mL Brefeldin A (BFA) or DMSO for 4 hours, probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. I) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of HTT secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . J) Quantification of ATP-based viability assay based on the luminescence signal relative to the number of cells per well, normalized to ST Hdh Q7 . Data represent the mean ± SD of two independent experiments, each with 7-8 technical replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test.
    Cathepsin D Polyclonal Antibody, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/Cathepsin+D+Polyclonal+antibody/pmc12972735-18-0-5
    Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    cathepsin d polyclonal antibody - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    95/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    rabbit anti cathepsin d monoclonal antiserum  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)
    86
    Cell Signaling Technology Inc rabbit anti cathepsin d monoclonal antiserum
    A) Representative immunoblots of total cell lysate treated with DMSO or 100 mM BafA1 for 24 hours. B) Quantification of HTT protein levels relative to tubulin, related to A. Data were normalized to parental control (either ST Hdh Q7 or ST Hdh Q111 ). Data are presented as mean ± SD of two independent replicates, each with three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test. C) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM), probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. D) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . E) Immunoblot of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 100 mM BafA1 or DMSO for 24 hours, probed with anti-p62, anti-HTT (MAB2166), anti-Cathepsin D, and total protein staining. F) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . G) Representative immunoblot of striatal conditioned media treated for 24 hours with 100 mM BafA1 or equal volume of DMSO, probed with anti-LC3B and total protein staining. H) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 5 µg/mL Brefeldin A (BFA) or DMSO for 4 hours, probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. I) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of HTT secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . J) Quantification of ATP-based viability assay based on the luminescence signal relative to the number of cells per well, normalized to ST Hdh Q7 . Data represent the mean ± SD of two independent experiments, each with 7-8 technical replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test.
    Rabbit Anti Cathepsin D Monoclonal Antiserum, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/cathepsin+d/pm41820376-283-66-71
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    rabbit anti cathepsin d monoclonal antiserum - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    86/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier

    Image Search Results


    Involvement of profibrotic macrophages in vascular regeneration after graft implantation in vivo . (a) UMAP of macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (b) Dot plots of profibrotic macrophage marker genes (Ctsd, Spp1, Gpnmb, Lgals3, and Fabp5) expressed in different subgroups of macrophages. (c) Percentage of cluster 2 (C2) macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (d) UMAP of expression of Ctsd, Spp1, Gpnmb, Lgals3, and Fabp5 in macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (e) Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 and CTSD in regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . L indicates lumens. Arrow heads indicate double positively stained cells. (f) WB results of levels of CTSD and SPP1 in native and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo and quantification of the levels of CTSD and SPP1. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each time point and each group, five different samples from five different animals were analyzed (n = 5).

    Journal: Bioactive Materials

    Article Title: Apolipoprotein E knockout attenuates vascular graft fibrosis by reducing profibrotic macrophage formation through low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1

    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.029

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Involvement of profibrotic macrophages in vascular regeneration after graft implantation in vivo . (a) UMAP of macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (b) Dot plots of profibrotic macrophage marker genes (Ctsd, Spp1, Gpnmb, Lgals3, and Fabp5) expressed in different subgroups of macrophages. (c) Percentage of cluster 2 (C2) macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (d) UMAP of expression of Ctsd, Spp1, Gpnmb, Lgals3, and Fabp5 in macrophages in native aortas and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . (e) Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 and CTSD in regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo . L indicates lumens. Arrow heads indicate double positively stained cells. (f) WB results of levels of CTSD and SPP1 in native and regenerated aortas across different time points after graft implantation in vivo and quantification of the levels of CTSD and SPP1. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each time point and each group, five different samples from five different animals were analyzed (n = 5).

    Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used in this study: APOE (Abcam, ab183597, 1:1000 dilution), COL I (abcam, ab270993, 1:1000 dilution), FN (abcam, ab268020, 1:1000 dilution), CTSD (CST, 74089S, 1:1000 dilution), SPP1 (NeoBiotechnologies, 6696-RBM3-P0, 1:1000 dilution), and LRP1 (Invitrogen, PA5-101013, 1:1000 dilution).

    Techniques: In Vivo, Marker, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining

    APOE KO reducing profibrotic macrophage formation during vascular regeneration. (a) UMAP of macrophages in native aortas from WT and Apoe −/− rats, heatmap of C2 scores in the UMAP of macrophages in the native aortas, and percentage of C2 cells in macrophages in the native aortas. UMAP of macrophages in regenerated aortas after graft implantation in WT and Apoe −/− rats, heatmap of C2 scores in the UMAP of macrophages in the regenerated aortas, and percentage of C2 cells in macrophages in the regenerated aortas on Day 30 (b) and Day 90 (c). (d) Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 and CTSD in regenerated aortas 30 and 90 days after graft implantation in WT and Apoe−/− rats. (e) Quantification of CD68 and CTSD double positive cells in regenerated aortas on Day 30 and Day 90. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each time point and each group, five different images from five different samples were analyzed (n = 5). (f) WB results of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 levels in regenerated aortas after graft implantation in WT and Apoe −/− rats for 30 and 90 days. (g) Quantification of levels of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 in regenerated aortas on Day 30 and Day 90. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each time point and each group, five different samples from five different animals were analyzed (n = 5). (h) WB results of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 levels in WT and APOE KO macrophages after their culture on PCL scaffolds for 48 h. (i) Quantification of levels of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 in WT and APOE KO macrophages after their culture on PCL scaffolds for 48 h ∗ indicates p < 0.05, ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, unpaired t -test. For each time point and each group, three different samples were analyzed (n = 3). (j) Immunofluorescence staining of APOE and CD68, CTSD and CD68, SPP1 and CD68, respectively, in WT and APOE KO macrophages after their culture on PCL scaffolds for 48 h.

    Journal: Bioactive Materials

    Article Title: Apolipoprotein E knockout attenuates vascular graft fibrosis by reducing profibrotic macrophage formation through low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1

    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.029

    Figure Lengend Snippet: APOE KO reducing profibrotic macrophage formation during vascular regeneration. (a) UMAP of macrophages in native aortas from WT and Apoe −/− rats, heatmap of C2 scores in the UMAP of macrophages in the native aortas, and percentage of C2 cells in macrophages in the native aortas. UMAP of macrophages in regenerated aortas after graft implantation in WT and Apoe −/− rats, heatmap of C2 scores in the UMAP of macrophages in the regenerated aortas, and percentage of C2 cells in macrophages in the regenerated aortas on Day 30 (b) and Day 90 (c). (d) Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 and CTSD in regenerated aortas 30 and 90 days after graft implantation in WT and Apoe−/− rats. (e) Quantification of CD68 and CTSD double positive cells in regenerated aortas on Day 30 and Day 90. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each time point and each group, five different images from five different samples were analyzed (n = 5). (f) WB results of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 levels in regenerated aortas after graft implantation in WT and Apoe −/− rats for 30 and 90 days. (g) Quantification of levels of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 in regenerated aortas on Day 30 and Day 90. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each time point and each group, five different samples from five different animals were analyzed (n = 5). (h) WB results of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 levels in WT and APOE KO macrophages after their culture on PCL scaffolds for 48 h. (i) Quantification of levels of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 in WT and APOE KO macrophages after their culture on PCL scaffolds for 48 h ∗ indicates p < 0.05, ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, unpaired t -test. For each time point and each group, three different samples were analyzed (n = 3). (j) Immunofluorescence staining of APOE and CD68, CTSD and CD68, SPP1 and CD68, respectively, in WT and APOE KO macrophages after their culture on PCL scaffolds for 48 h.

    Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used in this study: APOE (Abcam, ab183597, 1:1000 dilution), COL I (abcam, ab270993, 1:1000 dilution), FN (abcam, ab268020, 1:1000 dilution), CTSD (CST, 74089S, 1:1000 dilution), SPP1 (NeoBiotechnologies, 6696-RBM3-P0, 1:1000 dilution), and LRP1 (Invitrogen, PA5-101013, 1:1000 dilution).

    Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining

    APOE/LRP1 interaction promoting profibrotic macrophage formation during vascular regeneration after graft implantation in vivo . (a) Immunoprecipitation (IP) following mass spectrometry (MS) to screen potential receptors of APOE on surfaces of macrophages. (b) Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) to confirm interaction between APOE and LRP1. (c) Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 and LRP1 in regenerated aortas across different time points. (d) Immunofluorescence staining of APOE and LRP1 in WT macrophages 48 h after their culture on PCL scaffolds. (e) WB results of LRP1, APOE, CTSD and SPP1 levels in WT macrophages cultured on tissue culture plates (negative control, NC) or PCL scaffolds (PCL) for 48 h prior to treatment with shRNA ADV-shRNA(NC) or ADV-shRNA(Lrp1) for 24 h. Quantification of levels of LRP1 (f), APOE (g), CTSD (h) and SPP1 (i) in WT macrophages cultured on tissue culture plates or PCL scaffolds treated with shRNA ADV-shRNA(NC) or ADV-shRNA(Lrp1). ∗ indicates p < 0.05, ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, N.S. indicates non-significant. Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, three different samples were analyzed (n = 3). (j) Flow cytometry analysis of CTSD positive cells in WT macrophages cultured on tissue culture plates (negative control, NC) or PCL scaffolds (PCL) for 48 h prior to treatment with ADV-shRNA(NC) or ADV-shRNA(Lrp1) for 24 h and quantification of percentage of CTSD positive cells in WT macrophages in each group. ∗ indicates p < 0.05, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, three independent experiments were repeated, and results were analyzed (n = 3).

    Journal: Bioactive Materials

    Article Title: Apolipoprotein E knockout attenuates vascular graft fibrosis by reducing profibrotic macrophage formation through low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1

    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.029

    Figure Lengend Snippet: APOE/LRP1 interaction promoting profibrotic macrophage formation during vascular regeneration after graft implantation in vivo . (a) Immunoprecipitation (IP) following mass spectrometry (MS) to screen potential receptors of APOE on surfaces of macrophages. (b) Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) to confirm interaction between APOE and LRP1. (c) Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 and LRP1 in regenerated aortas across different time points. (d) Immunofluorescence staining of APOE and LRP1 in WT macrophages 48 h after their culture on PCL scaffolds. (e) WB results of LRP1, APOE, CTSD and SPP1 levels in WT macrophages cultured on tissue culture plates (negative control, NC) or PCL scaffolds (PCL) for 48 h prior to treatment with shRNA ADV-shRNA(NC) or ADV-shRNA(Lrp1) for 24 h. Quantification of levels of LRP1 (f), APOE (g), CTSD (h) and SPP1 (i) in WT macrophages cultured on tissue culture plates or PCL scaffolds treated with shRNA ADV-shRNA(NC) or ADV-shRNA(Lrp1). ∗ indicates p < 0.05, ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, N.S. indicates non-significant. Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, three different samples were analyzed (n = 3). (j) Flow cytometry analysis of CTSD positive cells in WT macrophages cultured on tissue culture plates (negative control, NC) or PCL scaffolds (PCL) for 48 h prior to treatment with ADV-shRNA(NC) or ADV-shRNA(Lrp1) for 24 h and quantification of percentage of CTSD positive cells in WT macrophages in each group. ∗ indicates p < 0.05, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, three independent experiments were repeated, and results were analyzed (n = 3).

    Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used in this study: APOE (Abcam, ab183597, 1:1000 dilution), COL I (abcam, ab270993, 1:1000 dilution), FN (abcam, ab268020, 1:1000 dilution), CTSD (CST, 74089S, 1:1000 dilution), SPP1 (NeoBiotechnologies, 6696-RBM3-P0, 1:1000 dilution), and LRP1 (Invitrogen, PA5-101013, 1:1000 dilution).

    Techniques: In Vivo, Immunoprecipitation, Mass Spectrometry, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Negative Control, shRNA, Flow Cytometry

    Downregulation of APOE by AAV ameliorating fibrosis during vascular regeneration after graft implantation in vivo . (a) Illustration of a strategy of adventitial delivery of AAV-shRNA(Apoe) to inhibit APOE levels in regenerated aortas after graft implantation in vivo . Two weeks after graft implantation in vivo , AAV-shRNA(Apoe) were injected into the adventitia of the regenerated aortas, which were then harvested for analysis three weeks later. (b) M mode images of ultrasound detection of regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. Arrow heads indicate movement of vascular walls. (c) Tensile tests of regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. (d) Quantification of RI, PI, and compliance of regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, six different images from six different animals were analyzed (n = 6). (e) Quantification of elastic modulus of regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, six different images from six different animals were analyzed (n = 6). (f) H&E, MTC and EVG staining of regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. (g) Immunofluorescence staining of COL I, COL III, elastin, αSMA, and eNOS in regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. L indicates lumens. Arrow heads indicate capillaries. Quantification of adventitia thickness (h), collagen positive areas according to MTC staining (i), elastin positive areas according to EVG staining (j), COL I positive areas (k), COL III positive areas (l), and number of capillaries (m) in adventitial areas of regenerated aortas. (n) Immunofluorescence staining of CTSD and CD68 in regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. (o) CD68 and CTSD double positive cells in regenerated aortas. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, six different samples from six different animals were analyzed (n = 6). (p) WB results of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 levels in regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks and quantification of levels of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 in regenerated aortas. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, six different samples from six different animals were analyzed (n = 6). (q) Quantification of IGF-1 concentrations in regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks by ELISA. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, six different samples from six different animals were analyzed (n = 3).

    Journal: Bioactive Materials

    Article Title: Apolipoprotein E knockout attenuates vascular graft fibrosis by reducing profibrotic macrophage formation through low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1

    doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.029

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Downregulation of APOE by AAV ameliorating fibrosis during vascular regeneration after graft implantation in vivo . (a) Illustration of a strategy of adventitial delivery of AAV-shRNA(Apoe) to inhibit APOE levels in regenerated aortas after graft implantation in vivo . Two weeks after graft implantation in vivo , AAV-shRNA(Apoe) were injected into the adventitia of the regenerated aortas, which were then harvested for analysis three weeks later. (b) M mode images of ultrasound detection of regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. Arrow heads indicate movement of vascular walls. (c) Tensile tests of regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. (d) Quantification of RI, PI, and compliance of regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, six different images from six different animals were analyzed (n = 6). (e) Quantification of elastic modulus of regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, six different images from six different animals were analyzed (n = 6). (f) H&E, MTC and EVG staining of regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. (g) Immunofluorescence staining of COL I, COL III, elastin, αSMA, and eNOS in regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. L indicates lumens. Arrow heads indicate capillaries. Quantification of adventitia thickness (h), collagen positive areas according to MTC staining (i), elastin positive areas according to EVG staining (j), COL I positive areas (k), COL III positive areas (l), and number of capillaries (m) in adventitial areas of regenerated aortas. (n) Immunofluorescence staining of CTSD and CD68 in regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks. (o) CD68 and CTSD double positive cells in regenerated aortas. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, six different samples from six different animals were analyzed (n = 6). (p) WB results of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 levels in regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks and quantification of levels of APOE, CTSD and SPP1 in regenerated aortas. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, six different samples from six different animals were analyzed (n = 6). (q) Quantification of IGF-1 concentrations in regenerated aortas treated with PBS, AAV-shRNA(NC), and AAV-shRNA(Apoe) for 3 weeks by ELISA. ∗∗ indicates p < 0.01, Tukey's post-hoc test. For each group, six different samples from six different animals were analyzed (n = 3).

    Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used in this study: APOE (Abcam, ab183597, 1:1000 dilution), COL I (abcam, ab270993, 1:1000 dilution), FN (abcam, ab268020, 1:1000 dilution), CTSD (CST, 74089S, 1:1000 dilution), SPP1 (NeoBiotechnologies, 6696-RBM3-P0, 1:1000 dilution), and LRP1 (Invitrogen, PA5-101013, 1:1000 dilution).

    Techniques: In Vivo, shRNA, Injection, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

    A) Representative immunoblots of total cell lysate treated with DMSO or 100 mM BafA1 for 24 hours. B) Quantification of HTT protein levels relative to tubulin, related to A. Data were normalized to parental control (either ST Hdh Q7 or ST Hdh Q111 ). Data are presented as mean ± SD of two independent replicates, each with three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test. C) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM), probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. D) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . E) Immunoblot of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 100 mM BafA1 or DMSO for 24 hours, probed with anti-p62, anti-HTT (MAB2166), anti-Cathepsin D, and total protein staining. F) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . G) Representative immunoblot of striatal conditioned media treated for 24 hours with 100 mM BafA1 or equal volume of DMSO, probed with anti-LC3B and total protein staining. H) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 5 µg/mL Brefeldin A (BFA) or DMSO for 4 hours, probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. I) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of HTT secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . J) Quantification of ATP-based viability assay based on the luminescence signal relative to the number of cells per well, normalized to ST Hdh Q7 . Data represent the mean ± SD of two independent experiments, each with 7-8 technical replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: HAP40 functions as a proteostasis regulator by controlling huntingtin interactions and its release into the extracellular space

    doi: 10.64898/2026.03.31.715351

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Representative immunoblots of total cell lysate treated with DMSO or 100 mM BafA1 for 24 hours. B) Quantification of HTT protein levels relative to tubulin, related to A. Data were normalized to parental control (either ST Hdh Q7 or ST Hdh Q111 ). Data are presented as mean ± SD of two independent replicates, each with three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test. C) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM), probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. D) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . E) Immunoblot of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 100 mM BafA1 or DMSO for 24 hours, probed with anti-p62, anti-HTT (MAB2166), anti-Cathepsin D, and total protein staining. F) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . G) Representative immunoblot of striatal conditioned media treated for 24 hours with 100 mM BafA1 or equal volume of DMSO, probed with anti-LC3B and total protein staining. H) Representative immunoblots of striatal lysates and conditioned media (CM) in the presence of 5 µg/mL Brefeldin A (BFA) or DMSO for 4 hours, probed with anti-HTT (MAB2166) and total protein staining. I) Quantification assessing the percentage (%) of HTT secreted protein in conditioned media. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test . J) Quantification of ATP-based viability assay based on the luminescence signal relative to the number of cells per well, normalized to ST Hdh Q7 . Data represent the mean ± SD of two independent experiments, each with 7-8 technical replicates. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test.

    Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were applied overnight at 4°C: rabbit anti-HAP40 (Atlas Antibodies, HPA046960, 1:1000), anti-HTT D7F7 antibody (Cell Signaling, 5656, 1:1000), anti-HTT MAB2166 antibody (Millipore, MAB2166, 1:500), anti-HTT MW1 antibody (DSHB, MW1, 1:500), mouse anti-SQSTM1(p62) (abcam, ab56416, 1:1000), rabbit anti-LC3B (abcam, ab192890, 1:1000), rabbit anti-UBB (PTG, 10201-2-AP, 1:1000), rabbit anti-Cathepsin D (Cell Signaling 69854, 1:1000), rabbit anti-STX17 (PTG 17815-1-AP, 1:1000), mouse anti-FLAG (Sigma, F3165, 1:1000), mouse anti-mNeonGreen (Chromotek, 32F6, 1:200), rabbit anti-GFP (Abcam, ab290, 1:2500), mouse anti-c-Myc (Merck, M4439, 1:2000), mouse anti-Actin (abcam, ab8224, 1:1000), mouse anti-Tubulin (Sigma, T6074, 1:80,000), mouse anti-TIM23 (BD Biosciences, 611223, 1:1000), and mouse anti-GAPDH (Santa Cruz, sc-47724, 1:1000).

    Techniques: Western Blot, Control, Staining, Viability Assay